Delivery of 4x1-ring HD-tDCS is capable of inducing significant neurophysiological and clinical effects in both healthy subjects and patients.įurthermore, its tolerability is supported by studies using intensities as high as 2.0 milliamperes for up to twenty minutes. In this approach, a center ring electrode (anode or cathode) overlying the target cortical region is surrounded by four return electrodes, which help circumscribe the area of stimulation. One of these is the 4x1-ring configuration. Targeting is achieved by energizing electrodes placed in predetermined configurations. High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) has recently been developed as a noninvasive brain stimulation approach that increases the accuracy of current delivery to the brain by using arrays of smaller 'high-definition' electrodes, instead of the larger pad-electrodes of conventional tDCS.
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